Also for these secondary analyses, an α value of p <. For these secondary analyses, the Pearson correlations and comparison of effect sizes were examined. Secondary analyses examined the relationship between the discrepancies of premorbid and current memory scores (i.e., discrepancy score = current score − estimated premorbid score) and global measures of cognition to see if more severely impaired patients (i.e., worse global measures) had greater discrepancies between estimated premorbid and current memory scores. 0125 was used for these four primary comparisons. Effect sizes (i.e., Cohen's d) were estimated from these t-tests. Primary analyses compared these predicted premorbid memory scores to their respective current memory scores with four dependent t-tests.

Although Duff used age-corrected standard scores on the Reading subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test-3 (when applicable) to predict premorbid memory functioning, the current study used age-corrected standard scores from either the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading or Test of Premorbid Functioning. The premorbid memory formulae of, which are presented in Table 1, were applied to all patients in the current sample, and these yielded predicted scores for Total Recall and Delayed Recall for the HVLT-R and/or BVMT-R. However, the range of cognitive impairment tended to be milder (e.g., MMSE: 18% with <21, 23% with 21–24, 29% with 25–27, 30% with 28–30). Although not all patients received all of these measures, global measures of cognition suggested impairment consistent with dementia (e.g., Mini-Mental Status Examination : M = 24.5 Dementia Rating Scale-2 Total Score : M = 119.7 ). Premorbid intellect was estimated to be average (age-corrected standard score: M = 100.9 ). Most were female (56.7%) and Caucasian (96.1%). Their mean age was 71.8 (9.8) years and their mean education was 14.4 (2.8) years. Patients were selected if they had been administered a measure of premorbid intellect (either the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading or Test of Premorbid Functioning ) and at least one of the memory measures used in, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R Brandt & Benedict, 1997) or the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R Benedict, 1997), as part of their clinical neuropsychological evaluation. Data from 1,059 patients referred to a dementia clinic were used in the current study.

Test of premorbid functioning norms